ligo/gitlab-pages/docs/advanced/entrypoints-contracts.md

id	title
entrypoints-contracts	Entrypoints to Contracts

Entrypoints

A LIGO contract is made of a series of constant and function declarations. Only functions having a special type can be called when the contract is activated: they are called entrypoints. An entrypoint need to take two parameters, the contract parameter and the on-chain storage, and return a pair made of a list of operations and a (new) storage.

When the contract is originated, the initial value of the storage is provided. When and entrypoint is later called, only the parameter is provided, but the type of an entrypoint contains both.

The type of the contract parameter and the storage are up to the contract designer, but the type for list operations is not. The return type of an entrypoint is as follows, assuming that the type storage has been defined elsewhere. (Note that you can use any type with any name for the storage.)

type storage is ...  // Any name, any type
type return is list (operation) * storage

type storage = ...  // Any name, any type
type return = operation list * storage

type storage = ...;  // Any name, any type
type return = (list (operation), storage);

The contract storage can only be modified by activating an entrypoint. It is important to understand what that means. What it does not mean is that some global variable holding the storage is modified by the entrypoint. Instead, what it does mean is that, given the state of the storage on-chain, an entrypoint specifies how to create another state for it, depending on a parameter.

Here is an example where the storage is a single natural number that is updated by the parameter.

type storage is nat
type return is list (operation) * storage

function save (const parameter : nat; const store : storage) : return is
  ((nil : list (operation)), parameter)

type storage = nat

let save (parameter, store: nat * storage) : return =
  (([] : operation list), parameter)

type storage = nat;

let main = ((parameter, store): (nat, storage)) : return => {
  (([] : list (operation)), parameter);
};

In LIGO, the design pattern for entrypoints consists in actually having exactly one entrypoint, like the main function in C. The parameter of the contract is then a variant type, and, depending on the constructors of that type, different functions in the contract are called. In other terms, the unique entrypoint dispatches the control flow depending on a pattern matching on the contract parameter.

In the following example, the storage contains a counter (of type nat) and a name (of type string). Depending on the parameter of the contract, either the counter or the name is updated.

type parameter is
  Entrypoint_A of nat
| Entrypoint_B of string

type storage is record [
  counter : nat;
  name    : string
]

type return is list (operation) * storage

function handle_A (const n : nat; const store : storage) : return is
  ((nil : list (operation)), store with record [counter = n])

function handle_B (const s : string; const store : storage) : return is
  ((nil : list (operation)), store with record [name = s])

function main (const param : parameter; const store : storage): return is
  case param of
    Entrypoint_A (n) -> handle_A (n, store)
  | Entrypoint_B (s) -> handle_B (s, store)
  end

type parameter =
  Entrypoint_A of nat
| Entrypoint_B of string

type storage = {
  counter : nat;
  name    : string
}

type return = operation list * storage

let handle_A (n, store : nat * storage) : return =
  ([] : operation list), {store with counter = n}

let handle_B (s, store : string * storage) : return =
  ([] : operation list), {store with name = s}

let main (param, store: parameter * storage) : return =
  match param with
    Entrypoint_A n -> handle_A (n, store)
  | Entrypoint_B s -> handle_B (s, store)

type parameter =
| Entrypoint_A (nat)
| Entrypoint_B (string);

type storage = {
  counter : nat,
  name    : string
};

type return = (list (operation), storage);

let handle_A = ((n, store): (nat, storage)) : return => {
  (([] : list (operation)), {...store, counter : n}); };

let handle_B = ((s, store): (string, storage)) : return => {
  (([] : list (operation)), {...store, name : s}); };

let main = ((param, store): (parameter, storage)) : return => {
  switch (param) {
  | Entrypoint_A (n) => handle_A ((n, store))
  | Entrypoint_B (s) => handle_B ((s, store))
  }
};

Tezos-specific Built-ins

A LIGO smart contract can query part of the state of the Tezos blockchain by means of built-in values. In this section you will find how those built-ins can be utilized.

Accepting or Declining Tokens in a Smart Contract

This example shows how amount and failwith can be used to decline any transaction that sends more tez than 0mutez, that is, no incoming tokens are accepted.

type parameter is unit
type storage is unit
type return is list (operation) * storage

function deny (const param : parameter; const store : storage) : return is
  if amount > 0mutez then
    (failwith ("This contract does not accept tokens.") : return)
  else ((nil : list (operation)), store)

type parameter = unit
type storage = unit
type return = operation list * storage

let deny (param, store : parameter * storage) : return =
  if amount > 0mutez then
    (failwith "This contract does not accept tokens.": return)
  else (([] : operation list), store)

type parameter = unit;
type storage = unit;
type return = (list (operation), storage);

let deny = ((param, store): (parameter, storage)) : return => {
  if (amount > 0mutez) {
    (failwith("This contract does not accept tokens."): return); }
  else { (([] : list (operation)), store); };
};

Access Control

This example shows how sender or source can be used to deny access to an entrypoint.

const owner : address = ("tz1KqTpEZ7Yob7QbPE4Hy4Wo8fHG8LhKxZSx": address);

function filter (const param : parameter; const store : storage) : return is
  if source =/= owner then (failwith ("Access denied.") : return)
  else ((nil : list(operation)), store)

let owner : address = ("tz1KqTpEZ7Yob7QbPE4Hy4Wo8fHG8LhKxZSx": address)

let filter (param, store: parameter * storage) : return =
  if source <> owner then (failwith "Access denied." : return)
  else (([] : operation list), store)

let owner : address = ("tz1KqTpEZ7Yob7QbPE4Hy4Wo8fHG8LhKxZSx": address);

let main = ((param, store): (parameter, storage)) : storage => {
  if (source != owner) { (failwith ("Access denied.") : return); }
  else { (([] : list (operation)), store); };
};

Inter-Contract Invocations

It would be somewhat misleading to speak of "contract calls", as this wording may wrongly suggest an analogy between contract "calls" and function "calls". Indeed, the control flow returns to the site of a function call, and composed function calls therefore are stacked, that is, they follow a last in, first out ordering. This is not what happens when a contract invokes another: the invocation is queued, that is, follows a first in, first our ordering, and the dequeuing only starts at the normal end of a contract (no failure). That is why we speak of "contract invocations" instead of "calls".

The following example shows how a contract can invoke another by emiting a transaction operation at the end of an entrypoint.

The same technique can be used to transfer tokens to an implicit account (tz1, ...): all you have to do is use a unit value as the parameter of the smart contract.

In our case, we have a counter.ligo contract that accepts a parameter of type action, and we have a proxy.ligo contract that accepts the same parameter type, and forwards the call to the deployed counter contract.

// counter.ligo
type parameter is
  Increment of nat
| Decrement of nat
| Reset

type storage is unit

type return is list (operation) * storage

// proxy.ligo

type parameter is
  Increment of nat
| Decrement of nat
| Reset

type storage is unit

type return is list (operation) * storage

const dest : address = ("KT19wgxcuXG9VH4Af5Tpm1vqEKdaMFpznXT3" : address)

function proxy (const param : parameter; const store : storage): return is
  block {
    const counter : contract (parameter) = get_contract (dest);
    (* Reuse the parameter in the subsequent
       transaction or use another one, `mock_param`. *)
    const mock_param : parameter = Increment (5n);
    const op : operation = transaction (param, 0mutez, counter);
    const ops : list (operation) = list [op]
  } with (ops, store)

// counter.mligo

type paramater =
  Increment of nat
| Decrement of nat
| Reset

// ...

// proxy.mligo

type parameter =
  Increment of nat
| Decrement of nat
| Reset

type storage = unit

type return = operation list * storage

let dest : address = ("KT19wgxcuXG9VH4Af5Tpm1vqEKdaMFpznXT3" : address)

let proxy (param, store : parameter * storage) : return =
  let counter : parameter contract = Operation.get_contract dest in
  (* Reuse the parameter in the subsequent
     transaction or use another one, `mock_param`. *)
  let mock_param : parameter = Increment (5n) in
  let op : operation = Operation.transaction param 0mutez counter
  in [op], store

// counter.religo

type parameter =
| Increment (nat)
| Decrement (nat)
| Reset

// ...

// proxy.religo

type parameter =
| Increment (nat)
| Decrement (nat)
| Reset;

type storage = unit;

type return = (list (operation), storage);

let dest : address = ("KT19wgxcuXG9VH4Af5Tpm1vqEKdaMFpznXT3" : address);

let proxy = ((param, store): (parameter, storage)) : return => {
  let counter : contract (parameter) = Operation.get_contract (dest);
  (* Reuse the parameter in the subsequent
     transaction or use another one, `mock_param`. *)
  let mock_param : parameter = Increment (5n);
  let op : operation = Operation.transaction (param, 0mutez, counter);
  ([op], store)
};