152 lines
3.0 KiB
Markdown
152 lines
3.0 KiB
Markdown
---
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id: unit-option-pattern-matching
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title: Unit, Option, Pattern matching
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---
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Optionals are a programing pattern seen in OCaml. Since Michelson and LIGO are both inspired by OCaml, you'll have the *option* to use them in LIGO as well.
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## Type unit
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Units in Michelson or LIGO represent *for the lack of better words* - an empty/useless/not needed value.
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Here's how they're defined:
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> 💡 Units come in handy when we try pattern matching on custom variants below.
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<!--DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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<!--Pascaligo-->
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```pascaligo
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const n: unit = Unit;
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```
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<!--Cameligo-->
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```cameligo
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let n: unit = ()
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```
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<!--Reasonligo-->
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```reasonligo
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let n: unit = ();
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```
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<!--END_DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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## Variants
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Variant is a user-defined or a built-in type (in case of optionals) that can be compared to Enum (from javascript).
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Here's how to define a new variant type:
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<!--DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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<!--Pascaligo-->
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```pascaligo
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type id is nat
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type user is
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| Admin of id
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| Manager of id
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| Guest;
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const u: user = Admin(1000n);
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const g: user = Guest(Unit);
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```
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<!--Cameligo-->
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```cameligo
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type id = nat
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type user =
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| Admin of id
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| Manager of id
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| Guest of unit
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let u: user = Admin 1000n
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let g: user = Guest ()
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```
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<!--Reasonligo-->
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```reasonligo
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type id = nat;
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type user =
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| Admin(id)
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| Manager(id)
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| Guest(unit);
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let u: user = Admin(1000n);
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let g: user = Guest();
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```
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<!--END_DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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Defining a varient can be extremely useful for building semantically appealing contracts. We'll learn how to use variants for 'logic purposes' shortly.
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## Optional values
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Optionals are a type of built-in variant that can be used to determine if a variable holds a certain value or not. This is especially useful when (for example) your program's state allows for a certain variable value to be empty, like this:
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<!--DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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<!--Pascaligo-->
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```pascaligo
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type dinner is option(string);
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// stay hungry
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const p1: dinner = None;
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// have some hamburgers
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const p2: dinner = Some("Hamburgers")
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```
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<!--Cameligo-->
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```cameligo
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type dinner = string option
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let p1: dinner = None
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let p2: dinner = Some "Hamburgers"
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```
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<!--Reasonligo-->
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```reasonligo
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type dinner = option(string);
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let p1: dinner = None;
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let p2: dinner = Some("Hamburgers");
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```
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<!--END_DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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## Pattern matching
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Pattern matching is very similiar to e.g. `switch` in Javascript, and can be used to re-route the program's flow based on a value of a variant.
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<!--DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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<!--Pascaligo-->
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```pascaligo
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type dinner is option(string);
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function is_hungry(const dinner: dinner): bool is block { skip }
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with (
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case dinner of
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| None -> True
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| Some(d) -> False
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end
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)
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```
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<!--Cameligo-->
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```cameligo
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type dinner = string option
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let is_hungry (d: dinner) : bool =
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match d with
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| None -> true
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| Some s -> false
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```
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<!--Reasonligo-->
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```reasonligo
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type dinner = option(string);
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let is_hungry = (d: dinner): bool =>
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switch (d) {
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| None => true
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| Some(s) => false
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};
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```
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<!--END_DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS-->
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