Primitive

Example

Strings

```pascaligo const name: string = "Tezos"; ```

Characters

```pascaligo const t: string = "t"; ```

Integers

```pascaligo const i: int = 42; ```

Natural numbers

```pascaligo const n: int = 7n; ```

Unit

```pascaligo const u: unit = unit; ```

Boolean

```pascaligo const hasDriversLicense: bool = False; const adult: bool = True; ```

Boolean Logic

```pascaligo const booleanLogic: bool = (not True) == False == (False and True) == (False or False); ```

Mutez (micro tez)

```pascaligo const tez: mutez = 42mutez; ```

Address

```pascaligo const tz1address: address = ""tz1KqTpEZ7Yob7QbPE4Hy4Wo8fHG8LhKxZSx"; const kt1address: address = ""KT1JepfBfMSqkQyf9B1ndvURghGsSB8YCLMD"; ```

Addition

```pascaligo const add_int: int = 3 + 4; const add_nat: nat = 3n + 4n; ```

Multiplication & Division

```pascaligo const mul_int: int = 3 + 4; const mul_nat: nat = 3n + 4n; const div_int: int = 10 / 5; const div_nat: nat = 10n / 5n; ```

Modulo

```pascaligo const mod: int = 10 mod 3; ```

Tuples

```pascaligo const mod: int = 10 mod 3; ```

|Primitive |Example| |--- |---| |Modulo| `10 mod 3`| |Tuples|

type name is (string * string);
const winner: name = ("John", "Doe");
const firstName: string = winner.0;
const lastName: string = winner.1;

function add (const a : int ; const b : int) : int is
  block { skip } with a + b

| |Functions (long form)|

function add (const a : int ; const b : int) : int is
  block { 
    const result: int = a + b;
  } with result

| | If Statement |

if age < 16 
then failwith ("Too young to drive."); 
else const new_id: int = prev_id + 1;

| |Options|

type middleName is option(string);
const middleName : middleName = Some("Foo");
const middleName : middleName = None;

| |Assignment| ```const age: int = 5;```| |Assignment on an existing variable
*⚠️ This feature is not supported at the top-level scope, you can use it e.g. within functions. Works for Records and Maps as well.*| ```age := 18;```, ```p.age := 21``` | |Type Annotations| ```("tz1KqTpEZ7Yob7QbPE4Hy4Wo8fHG8LhKxZSx" : address)```| |Variants|

type action is
| Increment of int
| Decrement of int

| |Variant *(pattern)* matching|

const a: action = Increment(5);
case a of
| Increment(n) -> n + 1
| Decrement(n) -> n - 1
end

| |Records|

type person is record
  age: int ;
  name: string ;
end

const john : person = record
  age = 18;
  name = "John Doe";
end

const name: string = john.name;

| |Maps|

type prices is map(nat, tez);

const prices : prices = map
  10n -> 60mutez;
  50n -> 30mutez;
  100n -> 10mutez;
end

const price: option(tez) = prices[50n];

prices[200n] := 5mutez;

| |Contracts & Accounts|

const destinationAddress : address = "tz1...";
const contract : contract(unit) = get_contract(destinationAddress);

| |Transactions|

const payment : operation = transaction(unit, amount, receiver);

| |Exception/Failure|`failwith ("Your descriptive error message for the user goes here.")`| |Primitive |Example| |--- |---| |Strings | `"Tezos"`| |Characters | `"t"`| |Integers | `42`, `7`| |Natural numbers | `42n`, `7n`| |Unit| `unit`| |Boolean|

let has_drivers_license: bool = false
let adult: bool = true

| |Boolean Logic|

(not true) = false = (false && true) = (false || false)

type name = (string * string)
let winner: name = "John", "Doe"
let first_name: string = winner.0
let last_name: string = winner.1

let add (a : int) (b : int) : int = a + b

| | If Statement |

let new_id: int = if age < 16 
 then failwith ("Too young to drive.") 
 else prev_id + 1

| |Options|

type middle_name = string option
let middle_name : middle_name = Some "Foo"
let middle_name : middle_name = None

type action =
| Increment of int
| Decrement of int

| |Variant *(pattern)* matching|

let a: action = Increment 5
match a with
| Increment n -> n + 1
| Decrement n -> n - 1

| |Records|

type person = {
  age: int ;
  name: string ;
}

let john : person = {
  age = 18;
  name = "John Doe";
}

let name: string = john.name

| |Maps|

type prices = (nat, tez) map

let prices : prices = Map.literal [
  (10n, 60mutez);
  (50n, 30mutez);
  (100n, 10mutez)
]

let price: tez option = Map.find_opt 50n prices

let prices: prices = Map.update 200n (Some 5mutez) prices

| |Contracts & Accounts|

let destination_address : address = "tz1..."
let contract : unit contract = 
 Tezos.get_contract destination_address

| |Transactions|

let payment : operation = 
 Tezos.transaction unit amount receiver

let has_drivers_license: bool = false;
let adult: bool = true;

| |Boolean Logic|

(not true) = false = (false && true) = (false || false)

type name = (string, string);
let winner: name = ("John", "Doe");
let first_name: string = winner[0];
let last_name: string = winner[1];

let add = (a: int, b: int) : int => a + b;

| | If Statement |

let new_id: int = if (age < 16) {
  failwith ("Too young to drive."); 
 } else { prev_id + 1; }

| |Options|

type middle_name = option(string);
let middle_name : middle_name = Some("Foo");
let middle_name : middle_name = None;

type action =
| Increment(int)
| Decrement(int);

| |Variant *(pattern)* matching|

let a: action = Increment(5);
switch(a) {
| Increment(n) => n + 1
| Decrement(n) => n - 1;
 }

| |Records|

type person = {
  age: int,
  name: string
}

let john : person = {
  age: 18,
  name: "John Doe"
};

let name: string = john.name;

| |Maps|

type prices = map(nat, tez);

let prices : prices = Map.literal([
  (10n, 60mutez),
  (50n, 30mutez),
  (100n, 10mutez)
]);

let price: option(tez) = Map.find_opt(50n, prices);

let prices: prices = Map.update(200n, Some (5mutez), prices);

| |Contracts & Accounts|

let destination_address : address = "tz1...";
let contract : contract(unit) = 
 Tezos.get_contract(destination_address);

| |Transactions|

let payment : operation = 
 Tezos.transaction (unit, amount, receiver);

| |Exception/Failure|`failwith ("Your descriptive error message for the user goes here.");`|